| Hilleman explained the company's interest in viral vaccines this way:
It is well established that a great many factors have something to do with cancer: ionizing radiation, environmental carcinogens, age of host, hormones, genetic factors, and the like. It is also well established that a great variety of tumors of animals are caused by viruses, and one needs only to point to the role of viruses in the malignant neoplasia of rodents, cats, fowl, frogs, and bovines with ancillary information obtained in studies of cancer in monkeys and man. |
Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Carotenoids are natural sunscreens that filter out UV radiation and protect plants and human beings from other environmental carcinogens. There are more 500 different carotenoids in plants, and about 50 can be found in edible fruits and vegetables.
Of the entire carotenoid family, the most famous is beta carotene. Scientists have primarily focused their research on beta carotene because of its pro-vitamin A activity; that is, it is converted into vitamin A as the body needs it. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D., Joseph E. Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Due to widespread exposure to smoke, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other environmental carcinogens, the frequent use of curry or turmeric as a spice appears warranted.
The Phase I detoxification enzymes are less active in old age. Aging also decreases blood flow though the liver, further aggravating the problem. Lack of the physical activity necessary for good circulation, combined with the poor nutrition commonly seen in the elderly, adds up to a significant impairment of detoxification capacity, which is typically found in aging individuals. |
Robert Hass, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts |  Fats increase the risk of cancer of the prostate and colon (and possibly the breast and ovaries) by augmenting the cancer-causing effects of environmental carcinogens in our food, water, and air.
4. Fats make the body insensitive to the hormone insulin, raising blood sugar levels to dangerously high levels and fostering diabetes.
With all the damage that fats do, you may be surprised to learn that there are a few fats that actually fight cancer. |
Sandra Steingraber
See book keywords and concepts |  Indeed, the direct consequence of some of these damaging mutations is that people become even more sensitive to environmental carcinogens. In the case of hereditary colon cancer, for example, what is passed down the generations is a faulty DNA repair gene. Its human heirs are thereby rendered less capable of coping with environmental assaults on their genes or repairing the spontaneous mistakes that occur during normal cell division. These individuals thus become more likely to accumulate the series of acquired mutations needed for the formation of a colon tumor. |
Samuel S. Epstein, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Additionally, alcohol may act as a solvent for tobacco or other environmental carcinogens and may, thereby, increase their access to tissues.
The influence of chronic alcoholism on cancer is difficult to evaluate, since heavy drinkers tend to die early of other causes, including accidents and diseases related to malnutrition. However, a 1977 study of Veterans Administration hospital patients with cirrhosis of the liver, commonly associated with chronic alcoholism, found a greatly increased risk of the otherwise relatively rare liver cancer. | | ACS's approach to cancer prevention largely reflects a "blame the victim" philosophy, which emphasizes faulty lifestyles, rather than workplace or environmental carcinogens. For instance, ACS blames the higher incidence of cancer among blacks primarily on their diet and smoking habits, which diverts attention from the fact that blacks work in the dirtiest, most hazardous jobs, and live in the most polluted communities. | | This is why epidemiology is of limited value for the detection of such environmental carcinogens as food additives and pesticides to which the popula-tion-at-large is extensively exposed.) One possibility that has not been adequately recognized is that some cancer cases identified in these epidemiological studies derive from exposure to occupational carcinogens, such as asbestos, as well as or instead of tobacco smoke.
This epidemiological summary would be incomplete if it left the impression that lung cancer is the only type of cancer caused by smoking. | | These are minimal estimates, as they ignore the likelihood of synergistic interactions between benzene and other environmental carcinogens, which could result in much greater numbers of leukaemias and cancers.
Flanked by its lawyers and consultants, the American Petroleum Institute, Organization Resources Counselors, the Manufacturing Chemists Association, the American Iron and Steel Institute, and other concerned industries launched into an attack on the EPA position at a meeting of the Environmental Health Advisory Committee, December 12, 1977. |
Larry Trivieri, Jr.
See book keywords and concepts |  This, despite significant evidence that environmental carcinogens in the home and the workplace are one of the primary causes of cancer. In most cases, problems with a building's engineering, construction, or ventilation system are the causes. Other sources of indoor toxic pollution include volatile organic compounds released by parti-cleboard desks, furniture, carpets, glues, paints, office machine toners, and perfumes. |
Sandra Steingraber
See book keywords and concepts | | Surely there is one that could describe the private thoughts of an East Bluff girl returning home from Boston and passing by the hospital where, years before, she was diagnosed with a type of cancer known to be caused by exposure to environmental carcinogens. Surely there is a language able to explain why such a woman would now drive along Distillery Road, breathing the acrid air, searching for nineteenth-century sugar-beet fields and twentieth-century hazardous waste sites.
A silence spreads out. I cannot make her speak.
It is not the silence of resignation or paralysis. | | This result strongly suggests that very early— probably prenatal—exposures to environmental carcinogens create the threat of cancer in children.
The Knox study helps us make sense of a follow-up investigation in the industrial town of Woburn, Massachusetts, where child cancer victims, their parents, and their lawyers became embroiled in a now-famous lawsuit so complex as to rival anything in Dickens's Bleak House (see pages 201 and 336). |
Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  In a classic study of environmental carcinogens, The Politics of Cancer, Samuel S. Epstein, M.D., professor of occupational and environmental medicine at the School of Public Health, University of Illinois, attempts to dissect the eight-part strategy that industry uses to prevent the prevention of cancer (Epstein, 1978):*
(1) Minimizing the risk: Industry will try to downplay the importance of a particular compound, and chemicals in general, in the causation of cancer. |
Sandra Steingraber
See book keywords and concepts | | The ill effects of some of these genes might well be diminished by lowering the burden of environmental carcinogens to which we are all exposed. In a world free of aromatic amines, for example, being born a slow acety-lator would be a trivial issue, not a matter of grave consequence. The inheritance of a defective carcinogen-detoxifying gene would matter less in a culture that did not tolerate carcinogens in air, food, and water. By contrast, we cannot change our ancestors. Shining the spotlight on inheritance focuses us on the one piece of the puzzle we can do absolutely nothing about. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 1Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | The level of exposure to environmental carcinogens varies widely, as does the efficiency of the detoxification enzymes, particularly phase II. High levels of exposure to carcinogens coupled with slow detoxification enzymes significantly increases susceptibility to cancer.
The link between the detoxification system's effectiveness and susceptibility to environmental toxins, such as carcinogens, is exemplified in a study in Italy of Turin chemical plant workers who had an unusually high rate of bladder cancer. |
Sandra Steingraber
See book keywords and concepts | | And yet, our respective governments have historically set standards of exposure to environmental carcinogens with adults, not embryos, in mind. What is needed is a new approach to chemical regulation that acknowledges our duty to protect pregnant women from harm. Here is one possible benchmark: if a chemical is not safe for a six-week-old embryo, it is not safe and should not be allowed into the environment.
The mapping of cancer clusters raises new questions even as it answers others. |
John Robbins
See book keywords and concepts |  Yet people need to know that the primary route through which many environmental carcinogens enter the human body is through food, and specifically through animal products. If we eat high on the food chain today, we expose ourselves to levels of environmental toxicity that have never before existed on Earth.
There are many environmental factors that can contribute to cancer. The list includes exposure to radiation, pesticides, and xenoestrogens (synthetic chemicals which mimic or block estrogen in the human body), and many others. |
Ruth Winter
See book keywords and concepts |  INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) • A
United Nations organization that gathers information on suspected environmental carcinogens and summarizes available data with appropriate references. Included in these reviews are synonyms, physical and chemical properties, uses and occurrence, and biological data relevant to the evaluation of the risk of cancer to humans. The more than forty monographs in the series contain an evaluation of about nine hundred materials.
INTRINSIC FACTOR COMPLEX • A dietary supplement of liver-stomach concentration. FDA has deemed it illegal. |
Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences National Research Council
See book keywords and concepts |  The fact that simple mutagenicity tests correctly predicted the carcinogenic potential of these chemicals adds to our confidence that correctly interpreted mutagenicity data can assist us in identifying environmental carcinogens.
The most widely used of the mutagenicity assays is the Salmonella plate incorporation test, commonly known as the Ames test. In this assay, a chemical is tested for its ability to induce mutations in different strains of a bacterium (Salmonella typhimurium). Most chemical carcinogens and mutagens do not interact directly with DNA. | | Mycotoxins as potential environmental carcinogens. In H. Stich, ed. Carcinogens and Mutagens in the Environment. Volume 1, Food Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Stoloff, L., and L. Friedman. 1976. Information bearing on the evaluation of the hazard to man from aflatoxin ingestion. PAG Bulletin 6:21-32.
Sugiyama, K., T. Tanaka, and H. Mori. 1979. [In Japanese; English Summary.] Carcinogenicity examination of sodium nitrate in mice. Gifu Daigaku Igakubu Kiyo 27:1-6.
Swanson, A. B., D. D. Chambliss, J. C. Blomquist, E. C. Miller, and J. A. Miller. 1979. | | Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens. Nature 225:21-23.
MacDonald, R. A. 1956. Cirrhosis and primary carcinoma of the liver: Changes in their occurrence at the Boston City Hospital, 1897-1954. N. Engl. J. Med. 255:1179-1183.
MacDonald, W. C. 1972. Clinical and pathological features of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. Cancer 29:724-732.
Martinez, I. 1970. Retrospective and prospective study of carcinoma of the esophagus, mouth, and pharynx in Puerto Rico. Bol. Asoc. Med. P. R. 62:170-178.
Masuda, Y., K. Mori, T. Hirohata, and M. Kuratsune. 1966. Carcinogenesis in the esophagus. |
Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | That said, it is necessary to raise serious questions about ACS's overall stance on environmental carcinogens. Although tobacco is an important—in fact crucial—issue, there are other pollutants and other sources of cancer, even lung cancer.
And here ACS has not done nearly as well.
While the fight against tobacco is important, it sometimes seems as if the ACS uses this fight as a smoke screen to hide its inaction in the overall field of environmental and occupational cancer. The Society's Board of Directors has contained many business leaders and bankers. | | In 1976 Frank Rauscher, then National Cancer Institute director, told Congress that 20 percent of his agency's budget was devoted to the study of environmental carcinogens (Epstein, 1978:326 ff).
Rauscher's statement was based on the fact that the Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention commanded 18 percent of the Institute's budget. This division included most of the work on cancer viruses, which are, technically speaking, environmental factors. The virus program received approximately half of the division's yearly budget. | | One reason for this, said Science, was that the top leaders of the cancer war had no enthusiasm for government testing of environmental carcinogens:
Benno Schmidt, the chairman of the President's Cancer Panel, is on record as favoring chemical testing by industry, not NCI, and members of other NCI advisory groups have said the same thing. To some extent, the attitude persists even among NCI staff (ibid.).
Having industry supervise tests on its own chemicals is similar to appointing the wolf to guard the sheep. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D., Joseph E. Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Our levels of exposure to environmental carcinogens vary widely, as does the efficiency of our detoxification enzymes. High levels of exposure to carcinogens, coupled with sluggish detoxification enzymes, significantly increases our susceptibility to cancer. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 1Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | Those exposed to smoke, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other environmental carcinogens will probably benefit from the frequent use of curry or turmeric.
The activity of phase I detoxification enzymes decreases in old age. Aging also decreases blood flow though the liver, further aggravating the problem. Lack of the physical activity necessary for good circulation combined with the poor nutrition commonly seen in the elderly add up to a significant impairment of detoxification capacity, which is typically found in aging individuals. |
Sandra Steingraber
See book keywords and concepts | | Moreover, people are not uniformly vulnerable to effects of environmental carcinogens. Individuals with genetic predispositions, infants whose detoxifying mechanisms are not yet fully developed, and those with significant prior exposures may all be affected more profoundly. Cancer may be a lottery, but we do not each of us hold equal chances of "winning." When carcinogens are deliberately or accidentally introduced into the environment, some number of vulnerable persons are consigned to death. The impossibility of tabulating an exact body count does not alter this fact. |
Samuel S. Epstein, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | These conclusions reflect both flawed science and public policy.
Although Ames et al challenge the validity of animal carcinogenicity data for quantitative estimation of human risk, they nevertheless use such extrapolations, based on the percentage Human Exposure dose/Rodent Potency dose (HERP), for ranking carcinogenic hazards. Apart from the fact that HERP rankings are based on average population exposures excluding sensitive subgroups, such as pregnant women, the derived potencies of Ames et al, doses inducing tumors in half the tumor-free animals, are misleading. | | Another misleading diversion is the claim that there is no evidence of recently increasing cancer rates other than lung cancer, for which smoking is given the exclusive credit. While the role of lifestyle is obviously important and cannot be ignored, the scientific and exclusionary basis of this theory is as unsound as it is self-serving. Certainly, smoking is a major, but not the only, cause of lung cancer. |
Zorba Paster, M.D. and Susan Meltsner
See book keywords and concepts |  Sphere: Physical Page: 000 Action rating: Easy to Moderate
Booster 27: Monitor Blood Pressure and Control Hypertension Impact ****
Amplifiers Family or personal history of heart disease, stroke, or hypertension; being of African-American descent; diabetes; heavy drinking; obesity; inactivity; stress
High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, doubles your heart disease risk and dramatically increases the odds that you'll have a stroke or experience kidney failure. |
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